Meat Eater Risk Cancer Vegetarian Pdf Creator2009TRIWorkbookSectionC.pdf. In who will develop cancer than eating meat does. REALITY: Five to ten percent of all cancers are caused by inherited genetic mutations. By contrast, 70 to 80 percent. Semi-vegetarianism is contested by vegetarian groups. A vegetarian diet reduces cancer risk. A well planned vegetarian diet will provide all nutrients in a meat-eater's diet to the same level for all stages of life. In general, Eastern Christian (whether Orthodox or Catholic) monks eat no meat, but outside the aforementioned fasting periods, will. The definitions of vegetarian in mainstream dictionaries sometimes include fish in. Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and. Our principal aim was to examine the association of fracture risk with diet group characterized as meat eater, fish eater, vegetarian or. If you stop eating red meat (whether or not you become a vegetarian), you'll eliminate a risk factor for colon cancer. Vegetarian Foods: Powerful for Health. Adventists have shown significant reductions in cancer risk among those who avoided. Background: Vegetarian diets might affect the risk of cancer. Objective: The objective was to describe cancer incidence in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in a large sample in the United Kingdom. Are vegetarians healthier than meat-eaters? Cancer incidence in British vegetarians. Stampfer MJ (2006) Meat intake and bladder cancer risk in 2 prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2. February 2. 00. 7Guarantor: P Appleby. Contributors: PA performed the statistical analyses and wrote the manuscript. AR and NA contributed to the design of the study, interpretation of the results and to the writing of the manuscript. TK is the principal investigator of the EPIC- Oxford study and contributed to the manuscript writing. Top of page. Introduction. Many studies have reported indices of bone health in vegetarians (Marsh et al., 1. Lloyd et al., 1. 99. Tesar et al., 1. 99. Reed et al., 1. 99. Chiu et al., 1. 99. Parsons et al., 1. Barr et al., 1. 99. Lau et al., 1. 99. Outila et al., 2. Siani et al., 2. 00. Fontana et al., 2. Overall, these studies found no differences in bone health indices between lacto–ovo–vegetarians and omnivores (New, 2. However, three out of four of the studies reported lower bone mineral density or bone mineral content in vegans (who consume no animal products) compared with omnivores or other vegetarians (Chiu et al., 1. Parsons et al., 1. Lau et al., 1. 99. Outila et al., 2. Smith, 2. 00. 6). Several dietary factors known or thought to influence bone health, and possibly also fracture risk, including intakes of calcium, vitamin D, protein (including the ratio of plant to animal protein), potassium, sodium and fruit and vegetables are likely to differ between vegetarians and nonvegetarians and between vegetarians and vegans (New, 2. Prentice, 2. 00. 4). For example, data from the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC- Oxford) showed that vegans have a considerably lower mean calcium intake than nonvegans (Davey et al., 2. The same study also showed progressive decreases in protein and dietary vitamin D intakes from meat eaters through fish eaters and vegetarians to vegans (Davey et al., 2. Studies in Sweden and Germany have also shown lower than recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D among vegans (Larsson and Johansson, 2. Waldmann et al., 2. However, there remains considerable uncertainty over the effects of dietary factors on bone health and fracture risk, leading one expert to conclude that there is insufficient evidence to link intakes of any dietary component with fracture risk among adults, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D (Prentice, 2. Other lifestyle factors such as physical activity and the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should also be taken into account when comparing fracture rates between different diet groups. To our knowledge there are no data on fracture rates in identifiably vegetarian populations. We report here results from EPIC- Oxford, a prospective study of men and women in the UK. Recruitment into this cohort was designed to include people over a wide age range with varied dietary patterns (Davey et al., 2. Our principal aim was to examine the association of fracture risk with diet group characterized as meat eater, fish eater, vegetarian or vegan. Top of page. Subjects and methods. Participants and questionnaires. The EPIC- Oxford cohort was recruited partly by postal methods targeted at vegetarians living throughout the UK and partly through general practice surgeries in Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Greater Manchester (Davey et al., 2. All participants completed a lifestyle and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), including questions relating to current height and weight, smoking habits, alcohol drinking, physical activity at work and during leisure time (including walking, cycling, other exercise or sport and amount of vigorous physical activity) and marital status. Women were also asked about their reproductive history and use of HRT. Participants' body mass index (BMI) was calculated as their self- reported weight in kilograms divided by the square of self- reported height in meters. The FFQ required participants to estimate their average frequency of intake of each of 1. Nutrient intakes were estimated by multiplying the nutrient content of a specific portion size of each food by the frequency of consumption, using food composition tables (Holland et al., 1. Nutrient intakes estimated and used in this analysis were energy and calcium. Diet group was determined from answers to the following four questions: Do you eat any meat (including bacon, ham, poultry, game, meat pies, sausages)? Do you eat any dairy products (including milk, cheese, butter, yogurt)? Do you eat any eggs (including eggs in cakes and other baked foods)? Subjects who replied that they ate meat were designated meat eaters, subjects who did not eat meat but did eat fish were designated fish eaters, subjects who did not eat meat or fish but did eat either dairy products or eggs were designated vegetarians, whereas vegans were subjects who answered 'no' to each of these questions. Where the answers were incomplete or ambiguous diet group was determined from the reported use of animal foods on the FFQ. The recruitment questionnaire was completed by 5. Davey et al., 2. 00. About 5 years after completing the main questionnaire surviving participants were sent a follow- up questionnaire. Participants were asked whether they had suffered any fractured bones over the previous 6 years and to report the month and year of each fracture, the bone(s) affected and the cause, categorized as a fall, road traffic accident, other accident, fracture found only by X- ray or other causes. For this analysis an incident fracture was defined as one occurring after the date of recruitment and involving bones other than the digits or ribs. Statistical methods. Follow- up questionnaires were available for 3. We excluded 2. 40 participants who did not answer the question about fractures, 1. This left data for 3. Fracture incidence in relation to diet group was examined using Cox regression. Fracture- free survival time was calculated as the number of days from recruitment to the earliest incident fracture or the date of completion of the follow- up questionnaire for subjects who did not have an incident fracture. Analyses were stratified by method of recruitment (postal, general practitioners) and adjusted for the following factors: age at recruitment (2. BMI (< 2. 0. 0, 2. HRT (never, past, current). Missing values existed for each of the non- dietary factors except for alcohol consumption and method of recruitment. To ensure that all relevant observations were included in each Cox regression analysis 'unknown' categories were added for each of these factors. Results for men and women combined were obtained after further adjustment for sex. Relative risks and 9. Analyses were performed using STATA version 9. Stata Corporation, 2. Previous analysis of these data had shown a strong inverse association between calcium intake and fracture risk in women (Key et al., 2. The influence of calcium intake on the relationship between diet group and fracture risk was examined by further adjustment for energy and calcium intakes and also by restricting the analysis to subjects consuming at least 5. Dietary calcium intake was categorized as < 5. The cut- points for the two lowest intake categories corresponded to the UK estimated average requirement (EAR: 5. RNI: 7. 00 mg/day), respectively (Department of Health, 1. US adequate intake for ages 5. Institute of Medicine, 1. Energy intake was categorized into five groups of similar size based on approximate sex- specific quintiles of intake: < 6. J/day for women and < 7. J/day for men. Top of page. Results. The mean age at recruitment was 4. Table 1). Meat eaters had the highest mean BMI and tended to be the least active group, with vegans having the lowest mean BMI whilst reporting the highest levels of walking, cycling and vigorous exercise. Current HRT use and parity were highest in the female meat eaters. Mean energy intake was highest in the meat eaters and lowest in the vegans, whereas mean calcium intakes were similar for meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians but were considerably lower for vegans, most of whom had a calcium intake below the UK RNI. The percentage of subjects consuming less than 7. In more than 1. 82 0. The most common fracture sites were wrist/arm and ankle, accounting for 4. Table 2). More than 7. A total of 1. 09. Table 3 shows the numbers of incident fractures and the incidence rate ratios by diet group relative to meat eaters in men, women and men and women combined, showing the effects of progressive adjustment for age, non- dietary factors and intakes of energy and calcium. Fracture rates were similar for meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians and, overall, there was no significant heterogeneity in fracture risk between diet groups. However, fracture risk was highest among vegans for both men and women, an association that was attenuated by adjustment for non- dietary factors in both sexes and for intakes of energy and calcium in women. Compared with meat eaters, fracture incidence rate ratios in men and women combined adjusted for sex, age and non- dietary factors were 1. CI 0. 8. 8–1. 1. 7) for fish eaters, 1. After further adjustment for energy and calcium intake the incident rate ratio was unchanged for fish eaters and vegetarians but decreased to 1. Table 4 shows the numbers of incident fractures and the incidence rate ratios by diet group relative to meat eaters in men, women and men and women combined among subjects who consumed at least 5. UK EAR. This analysis included 1. Again, there was no significant heterogeneity in fracture risk between the diet groups. For men and women combined, fracture incidence rate ratios adjusted for sex, age and non- dietary factors compared with meat eaters were 1. CI 0. 9. 0–1. 2. 1) for fish eaters, 1. Top of page. Discussion. As far as we know, ours is the first study to report fracture rates in identified categories of non- meat eaters including vegetarians and vegans. We observed similar fracture rates among meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians. The funders played no role in designing or conducting the study or in the collection. This is a free access article, distributed under terms (http: //www. Cancer incidence was followed through nationwide cancer. Cancer risk by vegetarian status was estimated by using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. There was significant heterogeneity between dietary groups in risks of the following cancers. These observations have led to the hypothesis that vegetarian diets might reduce the risk of certain cancers because of. Five prospective studies have. Adventist Health Study. Adventist Health Study II (3), the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Oxford (4), the Oxford Vegetarian Study (5), and the UK Women's Cohort Study (6). In the Adventist Health Study, vegetarians had a significantly lower risk than did nonvegetarians for colon cancer and. In the Adventist Health Study II, vegetarians and vegans had a lower risk than did nonvegetarians of all cancers combined. A combined analysis of EPIC- Oxford and the Oxford Vegetarian Study also reported that vegetarians (including vegans) had. In the UK Women's Cohort Study, a vegetarian diet was not associated with the risk of breast cancer (6). The analysis pooled data from 2 prospective studies in the. United Kingdom: the Oxford Vegetarian Study (5) and the EPIC- Oxford cohort (4). This analysis is an update of analyses we published in 2. We present 2 categorizations of diet. For colorectal cancer. For the other cancer sites examined, there were not strong prior hypotheses that cancer risk would differ between. Vegetarian participants were recruited through advertisements, the news media, and word of mouth. Nonvegetarian participants. In total, 1. 1,1. At recruitment. participants completed a questionnaire on their diet and other lifestyle factors. Diet group was assigned by using 4 questions. Overall diet was examined by using a 4. Two methods of recruitment were used: general practice (GP) recruitment and postal recruitment. A Multi- Centre Research. Ethics Committee (MREC Scotland) approved the protocol. A pilot recruitment phase was conducted by collaborating GPs in Scotland. GP practices in Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Greater Manchester carried out further recruitment. Postal recruitment was designed to recruit as many vegetarians and vegans as possible. The main. questionnaire was mailed directly to all members of The Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom and all surviving participants. Oxford Vegetarian Study. Respondents were invited to give names and addresses of relatives and friends who might also. In addition, a short questionnaire was distributed to all members of The Vegan. Society, enclosed in health/diet- interest magazines and displayed on health food shop counters. The main questionnaire was. In total, 7. 42. 1 participants were recruited by the GP method and. The main questionnaire included 4 questions on whether or not participants consumed. The questionnaire also included a 1. The baseline questionnaire can be viewed online at http: //www. PQ. pdf. Participants were sent a second questionnaire . The 5- y follow- up questionnaire can be viewed online at http: //www. Participants in the Oxford Vegetarian Study. EPIC- Oxford contributed person- years in the Oxford Vegetarian Study until the date when they joined. EPIC- Oxford. Malignant neoplasms were defined as codes C0. International Classification of Diseases (1. C4. 4 (nonmelanoma skin cancer). In participants with no recorded incident malignant neoplasm but for whom. These exclusions. There were 2. 84. RRs and their 9. 5% CIs for 2. Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the underlying time variable. Oxford Vegetarian Study and EPIC- Oxford. The analyses were stratified by study protocol. Oxford Vegetarian Study participants, EPIC- Oxford GP- recruited participants, EPIC- Oxford postal recruited participants) and. In the main analysis, vegetarians and vegans were combined into a single group. In further analyses, for. In cases in which a subject could not be categorized for a given factor (usually because. All statistical analyses were conducted by using Stata Statistical Software. Stata. Corp LP). One- third of the participants were vegetarians and three- quarters were women. The mean age at recruitment was lower in fish. Smoking rates were low overall, with only 1. Median. BMI was 1. Fish eaters had a mean BMI similar to vegetarians and their alcohol consumption was similar to that of. BMI and alcohol consumption. The proportions of men and women who reported a relatively. The proportion of. In both. men and women, vegans had the lowest intakes of energy, protein, fat, and saturated fat and the highest intakes of carbohydrate. At recruitment, 6. Of the 5. 3,9. 01 EPIC- Oxford participants, 3. Of these, 3. 1,5. All but 4. 77 (1. Tables 2 and 3. The RRs for fish eaters and vegetarians (including vegans) relative to meat eaters for each of 2. Table 2. There was significant heterogeneity between dietary groups for the following cancer sites: stomach cancer . For the other cancer sites examined there was no significant heterogeneity between the 3 dietary. RRs for the following 3 cancers were significantly lower in fish eaters than in meat eaters: colon cancer. RR: 0. 6. 4; 9. 5% CI: 0. RR: 0. 5. 5; 9. 5% CI: 0. RR: 0. 2. 2; 9. 5% CI: 0. There was also significant heterogeneity between dietary groups for all sites combined . For 2 relations, the RRs were no longer significant after additional adjustment for BMI: the RR for vegetarians compared. CI: 0. 4. 0, 1. 0. RR for vegans for all cancers combined. CI: 0. 6. 8, 1. 0. The corresponding values after further adjustment for BMI were 0. CI: 0. 6. 5, 1. 0. CI: 0. 7. 9, 1. 3. CI: 0. 4. 4, 0. 9. CI: 0. 7. 6, 1. 2. The follow- up time was extended and we report here the results for 2. With the use of data from these cohorts, we also report here for the first time analyses. There is also some evidence that a high intake of fruit and vegetables might reduce the risk of stomach cancer, but the. We observed that stomach cancer risk was 6. We also noted previously in EPIC- Oxford that the incidence of colorectal cancer among vegetarians was identical to. England and Wales . In contrast, results from studies in Seventh Day Adventists suggested that there may be a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Adventist Health Study, a lower risk of colon cancer was observed among vegetarians. In the Adventist Health Study II, the risk of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract was significantly lower in lactovegetarians. In a pooled analysis of mortality in 5 prospective studies comprising the Adventist Mortality Study, the Adventist Health. Study, the Health Food Shoppers Study, the Oxford Vegetarian Study, and the Heidelberg study, there was no difference between. The 2. 00. 7 report from the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research concluded that the evidence. This conclusion was restated in a subsequent update on colorectal cancer (1. It is possible that the current study did not have enough power to detect a moderate reduction in the risk of colorectal. However, a recent meta- analysis of 8 prospective. The differences in risk of ovarian cancer that we observed could be due to chance or due to differences in reproductive. Meat consumption. Previous. research suggested that consumption of meat and/or exposure to live animals and raw meat among farmers and butchers might. Potential mechanisms could include mutagenic compounds and viruses (2. However, recent large studies have not shown an association of meat intake with risk of lymphoma (2. These differences in total cancer incidence between diet groups could not readily be ascribed to any of the major. The results of the Adventist Health Study II were similar, with total cancer risk significantly lower. Diet group was assigned. When. the diet group in EPIC- Oxford was assigned on the basis of answers to the same 4 questions in a follow- up questionnaire 5. Some participants changed diet group during the follow- up period of the study, but this would be expected. We adjusted for nondietary confounding. BMI, because differences between groups in nutrient intake and BMI are substantially determined by diet group. Further. adjustment for BMI caused only small changes to RRs. The other authors had no conflicts of interest to declare. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 2. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1.
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El proceso de dibujo se aprende y se perfecciona con el tiempo. 2 Identifica y dibuja las tramas de un dibujo. 4 Dibuja un paisaje mediante tramas. 5 Dibuja un animal mediante tramas. 6 Dibuja una figura humana a tres tintas. Dibujo de retratos OBJETIVO GENERAL Con este curso aprenderan todos los conceptos relacionados con el desarrollo del retrato, aprender a enfrentar el dibujo del mismo y lograrlo de forma paulatina estudiando las. TSBVI Outreach Programs provide information, training and support to families, professionals in education and rehabilitation, and community members involved in the lives of individuals with visual impairments or deafblindness. The intent of an acute rehabilitation stay is to prepare a patient for their transition home following a serious illness, injury, or hospitalization that has led to impaired function. 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Below is a brief review of some of the major studies that have assessed the prevalence of PTSD in nationally representative samples as well as in samples of Veterans. What is prevalence? Prevalence is the proportion of people in a population that have a given disorder at a given time. It represents the existing cases of a disorder in a population or group. Prevalence estimates can be influenced by many factors including disorder occurrence (if new disorder occurrences increase, prevalence will increase) and the duration of the disorder (the longer people live with a disorder, the higher the prevalence). These estimates can also differ by demographic factors such as age and gender. It is important to qualify prevalence estimates with the time at which they were measured, as prevalence estimates can shift over time. Similarly, when interpreting prevalence estimates, it is important to keep in mind that prevalence is dynamic - it can change over people, places, and time. Often prevalence is discussed in terms of lifetime prevalence. Other times, statistics will be given on current prevalence of PTSD in a given time frame, usually one year. At the end of this fact sheet you will find descriptions of other terms commonly used in epidemiology. Prevalence of PTSD in the Community. U. S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS- R), conducted between February 2. April 2. 00. 3, comprised interviews of a nationally representative sample of 9,2. Americans aged 1. PTSD was assessed among 5,6. DSM- IV criteria. The NCS- R estimated the lifetime prevalence of PTSD among adult Americans to be 6. Current past year PTSD prevalence was estimated at 3. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD among men was 3. The original survey was conducted in the early 1. Americans aged 1. In this earlier sample, the estimated prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 7. Women (1. 0. 4%) were more than twice as likely as men (5%) to have PTSD at some point in their lives (4). PTSD among children and adolescents. To date, no population- based epidemiological study has examined the prevalence of PTSD among children. However, studies have examined the prevalence of PTSD among high- risk children who have experienced specific traumatic events, such as abuse or natural disasters. Prevalence estimates from studies of this type vary greatly; however, research indicates that children exposed to traumatic events may have a higher prevalence of PTSD than adults in the general population (5). Kilpatrick and colleagues (2. PTSD among adolescents based on data from the National Survey of Adolescents, which included a household probability sample of 4,0. Using DSM- IV criteria for PTSD, the six- month prevalence was estimated to be 3. PTSD in other countries. In the late 1. 99. World Health Organization (WHO) began collecting epidemiological information on mental health disorders around the world. As of 2. 00. 8, the research consortium had collected data from nearly 2. Published estimates are available of PTSD lifetime prevalence in most of the first 1. World Mental Health Surveys. In general, the estimates for lifetime PTSD prevalence range from a low of 0. China to 6. 1% in New Zealand. However, statistics reported from various countries are not directly comparable due to methodological differences in survey administration and sampling strategies. Prevalence of PTSD in Veterans. National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) , conducted between November 1. February 1. 98. 8, comprised interviews of 3,0. American Veterans selected to provide a representative sample of those who served in the armed forces during the Vietnam era. The estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD among these Veterans was 3. Of Vietnam theater Veterans, 1. PTSD at the time the study was conducted (8). Gulf War Veterans. Kang and others conducted a study to estimate the prevalence of PTSD in a population- based sample of 1. Gulf War Veterans from 1. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Checklist (PCL; 9) rather than interviews, with those scoring 5. PTSD. The prevalence of current PTSD in this sample of Gulf War Veterans was 1. Further, the authors estimated the prevalence of PTSD among the total Gulf War Veteran population to be 1. Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2. 00. 8, the RAND Corporation, Center for Military Health Policy Research, published a population- based study that examined the prevalence of PTSD among previously deployed Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (Afghanistan and Iraq) service members (1. PTSD was assessed using the PCL, as in the Gulf War Veterans study. Among the 1,9. 38 participants, the prevalence of current PTSD was 1. Commonly- used epidemiologic terms (1. What is cumulative incidence? Cumulative incidence (sometimes called . It represents the occurrence of new cases of a disorder in a population or group. Like prevalence, it is important to qualify cumulative incidence estimates with the length of time over which they are measured (e. It represents the rate at which new cases of a disorder are occurring in a population or group. Incidence rates are expressed as the number of new cases of a disorder per person- time. What is an incidence rate ratio? A rate ratio (sometimes called relative risk), is a relative measure of incidence rate of disorder in a group exposed to a certain factor compared to the incidence rate of a disorder in a group that is unexposed to that factor. What is an odds ratio? An odds ratio (sometimes called a relative risk) is a relative measure of the odds of a disorder in a group exposed to a certain factor compared to the odds of a disorder in a group unexposed to that factor. References. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Delmer, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. Lifetime prevalence and age- of- onset distributions of DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 1. DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6. National Comorbidity Survey. NCS- R appendix tables: Table 1. Lifetime prevalence of DSM- IV/WMH- CIDI disorders by sex and cohort. Twelve- month prevalence of DSM- IV/WMH- CIDI disorders by sex and cohort. Accessed at: http: //www. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E. Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 5. Gabbay, V., Oatis, M. D., Silva, R. R., & Hirsch, G. Epidemiological aspects of PTSD in children and adolescents. Silva (Ed.), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Handbook (1- 1. New York: Norton. Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 7. Kessler, R. C., & Ustun, T. The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1- 5. Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. A., Fairbanks, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., .. Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX. Kang, H. K., Natelson, B. H., Mahan, C. M., Lee, K. Y., & Murphy, F. M. Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome- like illness among Gulf War Veterans: A population- based survey of 3. Veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1. Tanielian, T. Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Rothman, K. J. Epidemiology: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford. Date this content was last updated is at the bottom of the page. Write a Non- Fiction Book Course at SA Writers College How does the course work? Ten modules will be sent to the student over the duration of the course. 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